I. Classical liberalism
   A. John Locke,  John Stuart Mill
   B.most important in American context
   C. part of Enlightenment era
      1. after Dark Ages
      2. advances in physics, biology, physical sciences
         A. science example of human reason in practice
         B. ability to control nature

  D. social structure  (feudal system)
     1. no mobility in life
     2. patriarchal rule
     3. “divine right” of kings

 E.  English Civil Wars (Protestant faction vs. Catholic factions)
   1. 1690  The Second Treatise  of Government
     a. Men have capacity to be self-governing (reason)
     b. entitled to freedom to develop this potential
     c. man will always behave in own self-interest, acquisitive
       1. learn from consequences when fails
       2.use reason to become more productive

2. men voluntarily give up some freedom in exchange for the protection that  government provides
   a. "social contract"
      1. govt provides protection for vulnerable against strong
      2. ensures that property is not stolen, productivity is rewarded
      3. ensures trade/commerce goes smoothly
      4.. protection of borders- national security
  b. when govt fails citizens,  they have "obligation" to revolt

3. to maximize personal freedom, govt must be limited in scope
      a. negative liberty most important value
      b. freedom from interference

    c. public/private domains
        1. private domain
           a. family, religious community, neighborhood
           b. no govt role at all
           c. self-regulating institutions
           d. prevent repeat of English Civil wars
              1. emotional, irrational  domain
              2. group-oriented society

           e. morality controlled by private institutions
              1. no need for laws governing social behavior
              2. social pressures from community
              3. individual can rely upon community for help

   d. public domains
       market or economy
        1. no govt interference
        2. self-regulating (invisible hand)
        3. equal opportunity to compete, unequal outcomes
          a. outcomes determined by effort, ability, creativity only
          b. early market capitalism
          c. better than mercantilism (politically controlled trade)

 e. allowing individuals to maximize their self-interest will result in best world for everyone
    1. encourage creativity, innovativeness
    2. natural incentives come from competitiveness

 f. political domain--proper role of government
      1. protection of private property
      2. smoothing economic transactions
      3. whatever collective decisions need to be made
         A. reasonable debate
         B. decision by  rational consensus (agreement)
         C. political tolerance of diversity of beliefs and opinions
        D. Govt. neutrality towards religious & moral groups

  I. J.S. Mill “ON LIBERTY”
   1. value of personal liberty to just society
       a. if govt. involvement, will be for arbitrary reasons
       b. private institutions do better job in controlling behavior
       c. complete freedom if it affects no one else
       d. value of market to sift out bad ideas

 J. values in classical liberalism
       1. freedom-negative liberty (freedom from govt. interference)

       2. equality
         a. in private sphere-natural inequality
         b. market--equal opportunity to compete, unequal outcomes
           1. assumption of abundance
           2. best, most efficient system, as a result
       c. political domain-complete equality

     3. justice-you get to keep the fruits of your labor
       a. helps to fulfill God’s plan
       b. allows natural incentives of market to work

  4. community==private matter (no govt interference)
      a. family, religious community, social group
      b. allows for regulation of moral behavior
      c. individual comes before needs of community

  K. all citizens had equal political voice
    1. Citizenship restricted to white male property owners
    2.moral theory of land ownership
      a. mix labor with nature and improve it
      b. Property-owners will act in own self-interest
        1. roots of "wise use" movement
        2. roll back environmental regulation

   L. Classical liberalism root ideology in U.S.
     1. reflected conditions in U.S. until the 20th century
          a. constant room for economic expansion
          b. strong and cohesive communities
          c. extended families
          d. social and cultural homogeneity, relatively speaking
    2. limited national govt, strong state govts.
    3. little regulation of industry
    4. where do these ideas still exist?