1. What should the role of public be within the political system?
     a.  elite vs. participatory models of democracy
        1. differing views of  role of citizen (stockholder vs stakeholder)
        2. differing views of necessity of involvement

  2.What does it mean to behave  "politically"?
      a. power to persuade, pressure for change
        1. beyond just voting
        2. beyond acting as "spectator"

3. type of  behavior  responds to perceptions of political environment & responsiveness of institutions
       a. citizens behave strategically in response to what seems possible, what will work 
       b. type of citizen involvement reflection of citizen perception of how much govt can be trusted to respond

 TYPES OF PARTICIPATION:

A. continuum of involvement and commitment
    1. paying attention to politics, voting (60%)
    2. talking about politics (40%)
    3.contacting legislators, writing letters to editor (25%)
    4. contributing money (8%)
    5.  running for office (5%)
    6. serving in office (1%)
    7. contributing $1000 or more (.008%)

B. Who participates?
  1.  reflects stratification
     a. higher educated vs. less educated
     b. wealthier  vs. poorer
     c. white  vs. non-white
     d. >30 vs. <30 years of age

C.Impact of participation (macro-level)
   1. system-affirming behavior
      a. reflection of strong sense of  identity as citizens
        1. ex. saluting the flag, flying the flag
        2. voting
        3. expressions of  patriotism
    b. positive; reinforcing support for institutions & leaders
       1. rituals observed
       2. verifies "consent" to be governed
       3. "social contract" theory, Locke

2. system-challenging behavior
    a. designed to mobilize for change
    b. expression of dissatisfaction w/ some aspect of system

   c. conventional
        1. operating within institutional procedures
           a. voting
           b. supporting  internal reform
           c. third parties   libertarian   greens
           d. writing or contacting legislators
     
    2. incremental change sought
           a. change in policy, but not change in system 
           b. nothing too radical
     
   3. work for change within the existing system (insider strategies)
        a. affirms trust in possibility of change using established procedures
        b. public perception of responsiveness
        c. sign of healthy institutions, open to change
            1. arguing in Iraqi legislature vs insurgent campaigns 

D.  unconventional   (outsider strategies)
   1. operates outside the existing procedures for change
   2.  relies upon media coverage to create public pressure
        a. often symbol-based to appeal to public  pro
        b. imposing pressure on institutions from "outside" to change  anti

 4. legal
         a. protest marches, sit-ins, public rallies  ny    Madres de Plaza de Mayo
         b. protected under 1st amendment right to assemblycpnk   

 5. illegal
      a. non-violent (individual or social movements)
         1. challenging restrictive laws or policies through civil disobedience  strbk
           a. marijuana rallies (Weedstock)
        2. civil rights sit-ins, marches, rallies w/o permit
          a. relies upon media to create public awareness  
          b. relies upon police action to demonstrate repression -tell the story
       3. non-violence, conscious strategy
         a. reflection of goals of protesters
         b. belief that violent tactics  less persuasive to public audience
           1. contradiction between actions and beliefs limits public support
           2. ex. PETA release of minks ex

    b. violent
       1. ideological extremists (far right or far left)
       2. "true" believers in causes
         a. bombing of abortion clinics, suicide bombers , ex. Eric Rudolph
         b. terrorists (domestic or foreign)
     3. calling for radical/structural change
       a. only violent force can counter violence of state
       b. belief that system is rigged against them
       c. sign of serious problems in political institutions (macro-level)

 4. strategies chosen are stratified by status
   a. "insider" strategies (conventional, affirming or challenging)
     1. higher incomes
     2. better educated
     3. well-connected and knowledgeable about govt. workings
        a.  lobbyists, advocates
        b. individual contributors to campaigns

  b. "outsider" strategies (non-conventional)
   1. rely upon media as equalizer    (pie-ing)
   2. (public pressure from outside against institutions)
   3. lower incomes, less connected, less knowledgeable
   4.those more marginalized, more reliant on more extreme measures
       a. view more extreme tactics as only way to change

 A. Social Movements as a strategy for change
    1. unconventional strategy  (OUTSIDERS)
       a. act outside of  established procedures
       b. highly dependent upon media to rouse public support
    2. put pressure on lawmakers from "outside" to change "inside"  hunter
    3. implies some faith in system's ability to be open to change

B. chosen as most efficacious strategy (little success within conventional channels)
    1. rally public support for cause (equalize power w/ elites)
    2. often  motivated by moral concerns
    3. majority efforts fail or have limited success