Chicago Manual of Style
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Chicago Style documentation is very confusing. First, it encompasses two styles—one used largely by the humanities, which is very similar to MLA style, and another system widely employed in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Sheesh. Because of Chicago style's complexity, we'll deal with a very limited number (not amount) of situations: three book formats, journal articles (we'll skip magazine articles, but ask now if you're unclear on the difference), and newspaper articles. We'll cover just the humanities version on this page. One source of confusion here is that the humanities version does not incorporate in-text citations—instead, it uses footnotes or end notes. Which one should you use? Who the fuck knows? Depends on your in-house style sheet, really. Further, the citations used in notes—whether foot or end—are slightly different from the format used in the bibliography section. Arghhhh! For simplicity’s sake, let’s use end notes. I say simplicity because with end notes, all the notes are collected after the body of the text, just before the bibliography. In terms of actual reading, however, footnotes are better because there they are right on the same page—you don’t have to leaf to the end, read the end note, and then leaf back to where you left off in the document. So here goes.
Humanities One Author |
| N | 1. Abigail Q. Dimwiddy, Kicking Frogs (New York: Macmillan, 2003), 127. |
| B | Dimwiddy, Abigail Q. Kicking Frogs. New York: Macmillan, 2003. |
| Two Authors | |
| N | 5. Reginald V. Squidfart and Popinjay L. Elderberry, When Frogs Kick Back (Whitewater: Dinky University Press, 2005), 86. |
| B | Squidfart, Reginald V., and Popinjay L. Elderberry. When Frogs Kick Back. Whitewater: Dinky University Press, 2005. |
| Chapter in an anthology | |
| N | 3. Mary J. Bilgewater, "Get those Damn Frogs Out of Here," in Amphibious Assaults, ed. Justin Timberfreak (Los Angeles: Spoiled Star Press, 2007), 162. |
| B | Bilgewater, Mary J. "Get those Damn Frogs Out of Here." In Amphibious Assaults, edited by Justin Timberfreak, 149-72. Los Angeles: Spoiled Star Press, 2007. |
| Journal Articles (print) | |
| N | 7. Cornish Hensbury, "Recipes for Kicked Frogs in the Works of James Joyce," New England Journal of Frogs and Toads 45 (2002): 221. |
| B | Hensbury, Cornish. "Recipes for Kicked Frogs in the Works of James Joyce." New England Journal of Frogs and Toads 45 (2002): 220-7. |
| Newspaper Articles (print) | |
| N | 4. Prunella D. Danish, "Giant Frog Eats Man in Madagascar," The Royal Purple, July 17, 2006, Police Report section. |
| B | Danish, Prunella D. "Giant Frog Eats Man in Madagascar." The Royal Purple, July 17, 2006, Police Report section. |
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Recent studies of frogs cite increasing peculiarities surrounding these amphibians. Abigail Q. Dimwiddy first brought an odd situation to light in 2003 when she noted that thousands of people across the globe had recently taken up kicking frogs as a source of either frustration over the economic impacts of global warming or as a type of new and perverse mating ritual.1 Further studies two years later found that a disturbing retaliatory trend had begun—frogs were kicking back.2 Shortly after, an alarming number of frog attacks began to single out quasi-celebrities, prompting two of the leading figures in the music industry to document this new and disturbing trend in Amphibious Assaults,3 an anthology of articles on frogs and toads. Scientists investing the entire frog phenomenon soon unearthed two unsettling discoveries. First, the entire notion of kicking frogs seems to have evolved from a 2002 article in the New England Journal of Frogs and Toads, a leading journal in amphibious studies, which detailed actual recipes for kicked frogs.4 Second, and even more distressing, in 2006, in a story out of Madagascar reported exclusively by the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater student paper, The Royal Purple, a giant man-eating frog, hitherto unknown to science, devoured an entire native of the island nation in a single gulp, leaving behind only the man’s watch and sandals as evidence of the horrific tragedy.5 |
| Notes |
| 1. Abigail Q. Dimwiddy, Kicking Frogs (New York: Macmillan, 2003), 127. |
| 2. Reginald V. Squidfart and Popinjay L. Elderberry, When Frogs Kick Back (Whitewater: Dinky University Press, 2005), 86. |
| 3. Mary J. Bilgewater, "Get those Damn Frogs Out of Here," in Amphibious Assaults, ed. Justin Timberfreak (Los Angeles: Spoiled Star Press, 2007), 162. |
| 4. Cornish Hensbury, "Recipes for Kicked Frogs in the Works of James Joyce," New England Journal of Frogs and Toads 45 (2002): 221. |
| 5. Prunella D. Danish, "Giant Frog Eats Man in Madagascar," The Royal Purple, July 17, 2006, Police Report section. |
| Bibliography |
| Bilgewater, Mary J. "Get those Damn Frogs Out of Here." In Amphibious Assaults, edited by Justin Timberfreak, 149-72. Los Angeles: Spoiled Star Press, 2007. |
| Danish, Prunella D. "Giant Frog Eats Man in Madagascar." The Royal Purple, July 17, 2006, Police Report section. |
| Dimwiddy, Abigail Q. Kicking Frogs. New York: Macmillan, 2003. |
| Hensbury, Cornish. "Recipes for Kicked Frogs in the Works of James Joyce." New England Journal of Frogs and Toads 45 (2002): 220-7. |
| Squidfart, Reginald V., and Popinjay L. Elderberry. When Frogs Kick Back. Whitewater: Dinky University Press, 2005. |
| Below you'll find a short paragraph with parenthetical (MLA style) citations, followed by a jumbled mess of bibliographic information. Your task is to reformat it all in accordance with Chicago style for the humanities, using end notes (a separate page) and including a bibliography (also a separate page). |
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The Text Beavers live by rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes. They are one of the few animals that alter their environment in a large-scale way in order to provide themselves living space and protection (Scalia 207). Beavers build dams that change the course of streams and create ponds. They build dams and lodges using sticks, bark (from deciduous trees), mud, and logs (that they fell themselves). The presence of pointed tree stumps is a good indication that there are beavers living nearby. To create a habitat, beavers build a dam in a stream, flooding an area of the woods and creating a pond in which the beaver can build a lodge (Alito and Kennedy 42). This beaver lodge or den is located away from shore and has an underwater entrance. This makes it difficult for most predators to enter the lodge. In winter, the water around the lodge usually freezes, protecting the beaver almost completely. Some beavers live by rivers and do not need to build dams. Instead, they live in burrows that they build on the river bank (Thomas 3). Each beaver pond is inhabited by one beaver family: two adults and usually 2-4 kits (very young beavers) and the yearlings from the previous year's litter (Ginsburg 119-21). When the food supply around the beaver's home is exhausted, they move to another site and start again. Beaver mating occurs in January or February. The kits are born in early spring, from April through June. When young beavers reach their second summer, they take on adult duties, building and maintaining the lodge and the dams (Roberts 962). They reach adulthood during their second winter and move away to find a mate and build a lodge of their own. |
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The Sources |
| Antonin Scalia, Beavers: Environmental Damagy Guys, Newark, Squintpimple Press, 1984. |
| Samuel Alito and Anthony Kennedy, Beavery Lodges at Discount Rates, San Francisco, Muckraker Press, 1996. |
| Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “Let’s Stop all this Talk about Beavers,” Beavers: Your Friend?, edited by Ezra Ali, Cleveland, University of Furry Mammals Press, 1842, pages 111-129. |
| Clarence Thomas, “Anita Hill, Beavers, and My New Bicycle,” Journal of Really Silly Things, volume 17, 2001, pages 1-4. |
| John Roberts, “Forcing Beavers to become Productive Members of American Society,” Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2004, Op Ed section. |